(EDITORS NOTE - MY APPOLOGIES BUT WE ARE HAVING FORMATTING PROBLEMS WITH THIS - THE INFORMATION IS ALL HERE BUT THE NUMBERING MAY NOT BE CONSISTENT)

Chapter 9: The Path to Salvation

1. Monasticism
   1. Fascination with ascetics and self-denial
   2. Cease of major persecutions after 400
   3. Socio-economic decline and instability
2. Pattern of its Development
   1. Individual ascetics (such as OT prophets, John the Baptist, Jesus)
   2. Communities of ascetics (Pachomius & Mary, Basil)
   3. Need for rules of order
      1. Benedict
   4. Grace v. Works… became an issue with the rise of monasticism (i.e. professional Christianity)
      1. Augustine’s doctrine of grace & predestination challenged:
         1. Cassian’s objection
         2. Non-Christians are able to do good works apart from gracePredestination seems to limit the work of Christ
         3. Therefore, we are able to move toward God’s grace
      2. Caesarius’ defense (Bp of Arles)
         1. No good works can precede grace
         2. If grace is offered to all but all do not accept, this weakens God’s saving power and makes Him ineffectual
         3. Augustinian theology somewhat ratified by Synod of Orange, 529. (Quote p.126)
      3. Gottschalk v. Eriugena
         1. Gottschalk pushed predestination to its limits
            1. Christ died only for the elect
            2. The rest are predestined to damnation
            3. There are no good works apart from grace
         2. Hincmar of Reims had Gottschalk condemned at the Concil of Quiercy, 853
            1. Christ died for all
            2. The punishment for rejecting grace has been predestined, but the individuals have not.
         3. John Scotus Eriugena
            Evil does not exist, but is the negation of what is good
            1. Christ died for all
            2. There is no predestination to damnation, since it doesn’t exist
            3. All creatures receive some grace, which is how non-Christians can do good works. (Prevenient grace)
               1. On the Feast of our Lord’s Nativity we read that He “was the true Light which lighteth every man which cometh into the world.” Whichever way we understand this, whether as meaning that Christ, “on His way to the world, advancing by preparatory revelations, in type and prophecy and judgment,” was lighting every man; or that he lighted each soul as it came into the world, it is the same. It meant prevenient grace, and that on a universal scale; beginning to “strive with man” everywhere, for the sake of a world-Saviour who should be manifested and accomplish His redeeming sacrifice in the fulness of time. It meant a gift of grace coextensive with human sinfulness, and that no such thing as “total depravity” or total unfaith existed, except possibly in cases where the human will resisted the Spirit to the last degree.” Haughton, James. The Holy Sprit and the Prayer Book. Footstool Publications ed. p.144.
         4. KEY QUESTION: What is the definition of “grace?”
            1. = God’s predestining choice (Gottschalk, Calvin)
            2. = Overflowing power of God’s love (Eriugena)
            3. Neither answer satisfied, and grace became something obtained through the sacraments.
         5. Sacraments & Saints
            1. Development of Eucharistic Theology
               1. Doctrine of Real Presence (7th Ecum. Council, Nicea, 787) left largely undefined ???
               2. Radbertus’ theory (831): No longer bread and wine.
                  1. Augustine & Ratramnus: don’t take the words too literallyBerengar of Tours: Looks & sounds like a duck… it’s a duck. Also, if it really was the actual body of Christ there wouldn’t be enough to go around.
               3. Lanfranc & Guitmond used Aristotelian logic to develop what became known as the Theory of Transubstantiation
                  1. Substance v. Properties
                  2. Normally the properties of things change but substance remains the same (ice, water, steam)
                  3. In the Eucharist the substance changes but the properties remain the same
                  4. Ratified at 4th Lateran Council (1215)
               4. Issues
                  1. Organic v. Mechanical view of grace
                  2. Mystery… “Death by definition”
               5. Cult of the Saints
                  1. Reverence for Martyrs
                  2. Inculturation… evangelism tool
                  3. Post persecution: Canonization led to ecclesiastical authority over and uniformity of saints lists
               6. Mariolatry
                  1. Mary was always revered as most blessed among women & Theotokos
                  2. Medieval Christians sought an intercessor between themselves and Christ
                  3. Mary’s virginity became Perpetual Virginity
                  4. Immaculate Conception… Mary became sinless
                  5. Assumption… Mary did not die, or her body was taken to Heaven on her death
                  6. Mary’s new role as an intercessor morphed into a role as co-redeemer
               7. Penance
                  1. Once in a lifetime (or at least rare) even in one’s life
                     1. Fasting an celibacy during penitential season and perhaps beyond
                     2. Came to be postponed toward the end of life
                  2. Repeatable system of making some satisfaction for sins committed.
                     1. Initial objections were that it made sin easy and repeatable
                     2. Yet, provided tangible disciplinary tool
               8. Popes & Emperors… a Catholic Concern
                  1. East: Attempted to separate Church from power of the state
                     1. No dominant episcopal see
                  2. West: Attempted to place Church over power of the state
                     1. Supremacy of Roman See
                     2. Pope Gelasius’ letter to Emperor Anastasius, late 400s (p.134)
                     3. Crowning of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III, 800
                     4. Feudal system kept society stable, but led to abuses
                        1. Church abused state power
                           1. Popes more involved in state affairs than appropriate
                           2. Popes became corrupt
                        2. State abused Church power, with the control of ecclesiastical appointments
                           1. Lay investiture: A layman (likely a noble) would give the bishop his staff when said bishop was appointed
                           2. Simony: The buying and selling of ecclesiastical offices
                        3. Reforms under Pope Gregory VII
                           1. Denunciation and discipline of corrupt and immoral priests
                              1. Bordered on a new form of Donatism
                           2. Assertion of Ecclesiastical authority over other powers
                              1. Confrontation between Gregory and Emperor Henry IV
                              2. Pope Paschal II’s idealistic solution: Church to give up all land claims
                              3. Concordat of Worms, 1122: Emperors gave up lay investiture & right to involvement in episcopal installation, but would be present at the installation and recognize the bishop.
                        
                        

                        Chapter 10: Fragile Synthesis [Between…]

                        1. Scholars & Lovers
                           1. Anselm
                              1. Taught from the monastery… knowledge beginning with faith
                              2. Ontological Argument for God’s Existence (p.143)
                              3. Satisfaction Theory of Atonement
                           2. Peter Abelard
                              1. Taught in the university… knowledge beginning with reason
                              2. Moral Influence Theory of Atonement
                           3. Bernard of Clarivaux
                              1. Taught in Monasteries, but used philosophy… faith and reason employed in the quest for knowledge
                           4. Heretics & Friars
                              1. Cathari
                                 1. Attacked the excesses of the Church from without
                                 2. Led to the establishment of the Dominican and Franciscan orders
                              2. Franciscans
                                 1. Attacked the excesses of the Church from within
                              3. Aristotle & Aquinas
                                 1. In 1200 the recovery and translation into Latin of Aristotle’s works were the rage
                                    1. Aristotle’s logic was counter to Plato’s & Augustine’s, which had been the foundation of much Western theology
                                    2. Plato & Augustine believed there were absolute forms, and something was true to the degree that it matched the absolute form (knowledge through revelation)
                                    3. Aristotle believed the forms existed only in the things themselves… not independently from them (knowledge through reason)
                                 2. Thomas Aquinas
                                    1. Reconciled Aristotle and Plato/Augustine… Validated Reason and Revelation as legitimate starting points for knowledge, and qualified which subjects were best left to which discipline.
                                    2. Ontological Argument based on experience: the First Cause or Unmoved Mover
                                    3. Knowledge of God can only be expressed in negative terms or by analogy
                                    4. Used Aristotelian logic to affirm the Resurrection of the body, whereas Platonic logic couldn’t… the soul is the form of the body (soul=form, body=matter)
                                    5. Political Implication of Aquinas
                                       1. There is one Law (from God) which all human law should emulate
                                          1. Seemed to elevate the Church above the state by making law a religious obligation
                                          2. Particular laws which do not fit that Law then it is not truly a law, and thus is not required to be obeyed.
                                       2. The Church and the State have separate but parallel tasks, both traceable to God
                                          1. The Church guides men’s souls, and the State directed men’s lives
                                          2. The two were not to overlap or meddle in each other’s business